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Nearly half of the world’s population, about 3 billion people, uses solid fuels for cooking and heating, which leads to Background: extremely high levels of household air pollution (HAP). HAP is identified as a leading risk factor for morbidity and mortality, especially among women and children. Many stove manufacturers have developed alternative cookstoves (ACSs) that are aimed at reducing emissions. Our objective was to test multiple ACSs in real world settings. We tested a traditional clay chulha cook stove (TCS) and Method: five commercially available ACSs, including both natural draft stoves (Greenway Smart Stove, Envirofit PCS-1) and force draft stoves (BioLite HomeStove, Philips Wood Stove, andEco-Chula), in a test kitchen in a rural village of Pune district of Maharashtra state in western India. Each stove was operated by same user for 1 hour per day for 12 days under controlled conditions.